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What is torque?

What is torque? Torque is a physical quantity usually used to describe the twisting force or torque exerted on an object when it rotates around an axis. It is the product of force and distance and is usually expressed in Newton meters (N·m). The concept of torque can be expressed in the following way: Torque (N·m) = Force (N) × Distance (m)   where force is the force acting on the object and distance is the distance from the axis to the point of application of the force. Torque has a wide range of applications in physics and engineering, particularly in the following areas:   1. Mechanical Engineering: Torque is a key parameter describing the performance and design of rotating machinery such as engines, electric motors, transmissions and bolts. It is used to determine the output power of mechanical devices, torque amplifiers, gear transmission systems, etc.   2. Automotive Engineering: Torque is an important parameter describing the output capability of a car engine. Automakers often report an engine's maximum torque, which helps evaluate a vehicle's dynamic performance. 3. Building and Structural Engineering: Torque is used in the design and analysis of supports, connections and rotating elements in building structures. For example, torque is used to calculate and select the size of bolts, nuts and screw piles. 4. Electronic Engineering: Torque plays an important role in connections and fixations in electronic devices, such as when tightening screws and nuts. 5. Aerospace Engineering: Torque is a key parameter describing the performance of aerospace components such as aircraft engines, flight control systems and gyroscopes. The direction of torque is the direction of rotation about an axis, and its magnitude depends on the magnitude of the force exerted on the object and the distance of the point of application from the axis. It is what causes an object to rotate about its axis, and it is an important factor in balancing the rotation.

2024

02/27

What is bending?

What is bending? Bending is a metalworking process typically used to bend sheet metal or other metal workpieces into a desired shape along a straight line. This process bends metal to a desired angle or bend radius by applying pressure. Bending is one of the common methods for making metal parts and building metal structures. Key elements of bending include: 1. Workpiece: The workpiece is usually a metal sheet such as steel, aluminum, stainless steel, etc., although it can also be applied to other materials such as plastics. 2. Bending tools: Bending tools usually consist of an upper die and a lower die, which are used to clamp the workpiece and apply pressure to bend it. The shape and size of the upper and lower dies will vary depending on the desired bending angle and shape. 3. Bending force: Bending force is usually applied to the workpiece through hydraulic machinery, mechanical presses, or other types of mechanical devices to cause it to bend. 4. Bending radius: Bending radius refers to the curve radius required to bend the workpiece, which can be an acute angle or a larger arc, depending on the design requirements. 5. Angle control: It is very important to accurately control the bending angle. CNC bending machines or other precise equipment are usually used to ensure that the bending meets the design requirements. Bending has a wide range of applications, and it can be used to manufacture a variety of products and components, including metal boxes, cantilever beams, chassis, body parts, steel components, etc. It plays an important role in industries such as manufacturing, construction, automotive manufacturing, electronics and aerospace. Precision and quality control of the bending process are important to ensure the performance and appearance of the final product. Therefore, before bending, engineering planning and mold design are usually required to ensure that the bending operation meets the design requirements.

2024

02/27

Factors affecting machining accuracy of precision parts

As we all know, the reason why the machining of precision parts is called precision machining is that its machining process and process requirements are very high, and the precision requirements for products are very high. The machining precision of precision parts includes the precision of position, size and shape. The following are the factors that affect the machining precision of precision parts:   (1) The spindle rotation runout of the machine tool can produce a certain error to the machining accuracy of the parts.   (2) The inaccuracy of machine tool guide rail can also lead to the error of workpiece shape in precision parts processing.   (3) Transmission parts can also cause workpiece machining errors, which is also the main factor of workpiece surface errors.   (4) Different types of cutting tools and fixtures will also have different degrees of impact on the accuracy of the workpiece.   (5) In the process of machining and cutting, the change of the position of the force point will lead to the deformation of the system, resulting in differences, and can also cause varying degrees of error in the accuracy of the workpiece.   (6) The different cutting force will also affect the workpiece accuracy.   (7) The error caused by thermal deformation of the process system. During machining, the process system will produce certain thermal deformation under the action of various heat sources.   (7) The deformation caused by the heating of the process system often affects the accuracy of the workpiece.   (8) Deformation of the machine tool due to heating will cause deformation of the workpiece.   (9) Tool deformation due to heating will have a great impact on the workpiece.   (10) The workpiece itself is deformed by heating, which is mainly caused by heating in the cutting process.

2024

02/27

Problems needing attention in machining difficult materials

Cutting is roughly divided into turning, milling and cutting based on Center teeth (end face cutting of drill bits and end mills, etc.), and the cutting heat of these cutting processes also has different effects on the tip. Turning is a continuous cutting, the cutting force borne by the tip has no obvious change, and the cutting heat acts on the cutting edge continuously; Milling is an intermittent cutting. The cutting force acts on the tip intermittently, and vibration will occur during cutting. The thermal effect on the tip is that the heating during cutting and the cooling during non cutting are carried out alternately, and the total heat is less than that during turning.   The cutting heat during milling is an intermittent heating phenomenon, and the cutter teeth are cooled when not cutting, which will be conducive to the extension of tool life. The Japanese Institute of physics and chemistry has made a comparative test on the tool life of turning and milling. The cutting tools used for milling are ball end mills and turning are general turning tools. The cutting comparative tests are carried out under the same processed materials and cutting conditions (due to different cutting methods, the cutting depth, feed rate, cutting speed, etc. can only be roughly the same) and the same environmental conditions. The results show that milling is more beneficial to extending the tool life. When cutting with tools such as drills and ball end mills with central edges (i.e. parts with cutting speed =0m/min), the tool life near the central edge is often low, but it is still stronger than that during turning. When cutting difficult to machine materials, the cutting edge is greatly affected by heat, which often reduces the tool life. If the cutting method is milling, the tool life will be relatively long. However, difficult to machine materials cannot be milled all the time, and there will always be times when turning or drilling processing is required. Therefore, corresponding technical measures should be taken for different cutting methods to improve processing efficiency.  

2024

02/27

How to define precision machining

7s words believes that the definition of precision machining is to complete the final processing of main surfaces according to steps and procedures, including workpiece parallelism, surface finish, surface perpendicularity, surface hardness, etc., so that the processing accuracy and surface quality of parts can meet the requirements of the drawing.   1. Parallelism requirements The so-called parallelism requirement is to require the tolerance around the workpiece. For example, for a rectangular workpiece, the thickness of the four corners of the workpiece is required to reach a certain tolerance range. If the thickness of the four sides cannot meet the tolerance requirements, the parallelism requirements cannot be met. This requires readjusting the workpiece. The problem may occur in the suction cup of the grinder. The suction cup is worn due to excessive use, resulting in parallelism errors; It may also be that the grinding wheel is not repaired well, or the grinding wheel has cracks and gaps. At this time, it is necessary to regrind the grinding wheel; It may also be that the suction cup is not cleaned, so it is necessary to clean the suction cup again and carefully; It may also be that the workpiece is not trimmed well and burrs appear.   2. Verticality requirements The so-called perpendicularity requirement is to require the side and ground of the workpiece to meet the tolerance requirements. The best understanding is the proper body. From the number axis, it is divided into XYZ three sides. Generally, XZ and YZ are required to meet the tolerance requirements. The error is also roughly consistent with the requirements of parallelism. Generally, it can be handled according to the requirements of parallelism.   3. Other requirements For example, finish. It is required to achieve, such as mirror effect, etc.

2024

02/27

Cutting conditions of difficult to machine materials

The cutting conditions of difficult to machine materials have always been set relatively low. With the improvement of tool performance, the emergence of high-speed and high-precision CNC machine tools, and the introduction of high-speed milling methods, at present, the cutting of difficult to machine materials has entered the period of high-speed machining and long-life tools. Now, the machining method of using small cutting depth to reduce the load on the cutting edge of the tool, so as to improve the cutting speed and feed speed, has become the best way to cut difficult to machine materials. Of course, it is also very important to choose tool materials and tool geometry that adapt to the unique properties of difficult to machine materials, and we should strive to optimize the cutting path of the tool. For example, when drilling stainless steel and other materials, due to the low thermal conductivity of the material, it is necessary to prevent a large amount of cutting heat from staying on the cutting edge. Therefore, discontinuous cutting should be used as far as possible to avoid friction and heat generation between the cutting edge and the cutting surface, which will help to prolong the tool life and ensure the stability of cutting. When rough machining difficult materials with ball end milling cutter, the tool shape and fixture should be well matched, which can improve the swing accuracy and clamping rigidity of the cutting part of the tool, so as to ensure that the feed rate per tooth is maximized under the condition of high-speed rotation, and at the same time, it can also extend the service life of the tool.

2024

02/27

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